The Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Parties) declare the following.

I

The current year marks 30 years since the Parties declared their commitment to developing relations of equal and trusting partnership aimed at strategic interaction in the 21st century, as well as the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Treaty).

Incorporating centuries of positive experience in Russian-Chinese relations and relying on universally recognized principles and norms of international law, the Treaty has laid a long-term legal foundation for modern relations between Russia and China. Not only does it fully reflect the deep historical traditions of good-neighborliness and friendship between the Russian and Chinese peoples and their willingness to pass them on from generation to generation, but it also embodies the universal values ​​of peace, development, equality, justice, democracy, and freedom.

The Treaty enshrines key principles of bilateral cooperation that have stood the test of time and remain relevant today. Russia and China develop relations in accordance with the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence, the sovereign right to choose their social structure and development path, and the preservation of cultural and historical identity and traditional moral values. These principles are not intended to be bloc-based or confrontational, and are not directed against third countries.

The model of relations formulated in the Joint Russian-Chinese Declaration of April 25, 1996, and enshrined in the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China of July 16, 2001, has become the foundation of modern Russian-Chinese relations—a comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction in the new era. Thanks to the tireless efforts of both parties, these relations have reached their highest level in history and continue to develop steadily, demonstrating maturity, self-sufficiency, and immunity to external influence. Their sustainable and comprehensive nature fully meets the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, corresponds to the objectives of comprehensive national development for both states, and makes an important contribution to the advancement of a just, multipolar world order and the democratization of international relations.

The Parties confirm the extension of the Treaty in accordance with its Article 25 and will continue to strictly adhere to the principles and spirit of the Treaty and the Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China of June 28, 2021, in order to further enhance the level and quality of bilateral relations.

II

The parties, guided by the diplomacy of the leaders, will consistently and fully implement the agreements reached by the heads of state, maintain close contacts at the highest and high levels, and ensure the effective and uninterrupted functioning of mechanisms for interaction between governments, legislative bodies, and political parties.

The two sides will continue to strengthen the traditional friendship between the armed forces of the two countries, deepen mutual trust in the military sphere, improve cooperation mechanisms, expand the practice of joint exercises, air and maritime patrols, strengthen coordination and interaction in bilateral and multilateral formats, jointly respond to various challenges and threats, and maintain global and regional security and stability.

The parties will jointly combat the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, weapons, cybercrime, transnational organized crime, economic crimes, cross-border corruption and illegal migration, and will also strengthen cooperation in the area of ​​capacity building in law enforcement.

The parties will continue to strengthen bilateral cooperation in combating money laundering and terrorist financing through effective information exchange between financial intelligence units and cooperation within the framework of multilateral mechanisms to combat money laundering. They will also strengthen cooperation in raising youth awareness of the risks of money laundering and related crimes, as well as in the field of prevention, in the interests of ensuring a secure future for both countries.

The parties intend to expand comprehensive exchanges and cooperation in emergency response, strengthen cooperation in disaster prevention and response and assistance to victims, and develop cooperation in preventing and controlling industrial safety risks.

The parties emphasize the importance of preserving military memorial sites located on each other’s territories that perpetuate the memory of fallen heroes of World War II, and will continue cooperation in areas such as the maintenance of such sites, establishing the fates of the dead and missing, jointly searching for and exhuming the remains of fallen heroes, perpetuating their memory, and improving the relevant legal framework.

The parties highly value the intensive development of Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation in recent years, which has made a positive contribution to improving the well-being of the peoples of both countries. The parties will continue to strengthen contacts and exchanges in trade policy, strengthen cooperation in key areas, identify new growth areas, promote increased trade in goods and services, and firmly uphold the right to independently develop bilateral trade and economic partnerships.

The parties will actively promote cooperation and enhance the level of collaboration in the automotive, shipbuilding, and civil aviation industries, and consistently expand comprehensive interaction based on the principles of inclusiveness and openness, taking into account national legislation and national priorities in areas such as the digital economy, information and communications technology, including artificial intelligence technologies, cross-border e-commerce, and new areas of cooperation, including the extraction of relevant mineral resources. They will facilitate the implementation of major projects in order to further unlock the potential of Russian-Chinese cooperation.

The parties support the implementation of projects in the chemical and metallurgical industries. They agreed to actively promote cooperation in the areas of joint mineral extraction and green standards.

The parties note that investment cooperation between the two countries is carried out on an equal and mutually beneficial basis, facilitating the implementation of significant Russian-Chinese investment cooperation projects, ensuring the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of investors, and guaranteeing fair conditions for investment activities. Russian-Chinese investment cooperation has demonstrated positive development dynamics, has reached a high level, and continues to grow steadily. The parties are committed to further enhancing the quality and effectiveness of investment cooperation and supporting the work of the Intergovernmental Russian-Chinese Commission on Investment Cooperation, strengthening the role of its secretariat in implementing the agreements reached.

The parties intend to comply with the obligations stipulated by the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investments of May 8, 2025, continue to improve the business environment, increase the level of freedom and protection of investments, and ensure the security and stability of production chains and supply chains.

The Parties recognize the importance of the Russian-Chinese Investment Cooperation Plan. In order to enhance the level of Russian-Chinese investment cooperation, the Parties express their intention to intensify efforts to support Russian-Chinese investment cooperation in the priority areas outlined in the Plan.

The parties, highly appreciating the significant results of Russian-Chinese energy cooperation, agreed to continue to strengthen their comprehensive partnership in the energy sector, support the two countries’ organizations in deepening mutually beneficial cooperation in the oil, gas, and coal sectors, the use of peaceful nuclear energy and renewable energy, including “green” certificates, ensure the safety and stability of the operation of cross-border energy infrastructure, facilitate the unimpeded transportation of energy resources, promote a deeper dialogue between energy-producing and energy-consuming countries, jointly maintain the stability of global energy markets, and improve the level of energy security based on the principles of energy justice.

The parties intend to continue implementing the Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant and Xudapu Nuclear Power Plant construction projects, ensure the timely completion of construction work and commissioning of the facilities, and, on this basis, deepen cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, consistently promote cooperation in the areas of nuclear fusion, fast neutron reactors, and the closed nuclear fuel cycle, and develop cooperation in the form of package agreements in the area of ​​the initial stage of the nuclear fuel cycle and the joint construction of new nuclear power plants based on the principles of mutual benefit and a balance of interests.

The parties will continue to develop Russian-Chinese cooperation in the financial sector, unlock the potential of the Russian-Chinese Subcommission on Cooperation in the Financial Sector, the Russian-Chinese Financial Dialogue, and other relevant cooperation mechanisms, maintain progress in settlements in national currencies, confidently advance practical cooperation in banking and capital markets to fully ensure the sustainable and healthy development of the economies of the two countries, and deepen cooperation in the area of ​​customs duties and taxation.

The parties will continue to promote cooperation in the financial sector in both bilateral and multilateral formats, and strengthen coordination and contacts regarding macroeconomic policy to achieve sustainable economic growth and an effective response to global economic challenges.

The parties intend to strengthen customs cooperation in every possible way, actively develop contacts and exchange of experience in the field of “smart customs”, continuously expand the capabilities of customs administration, continue to improve the quality of services in the field of customs control, deepen cooperation in the integration of “single window” mechanisms, promote the creation of favorable conditions for bilateral trade, and continue active interaction in the field of bilateral information exchange.

The parties intend to take a series of measures aimed at ensuring the smooth operation of border crossing points, actively developing cooperation in the field of “smart checkpoints,” consistently accelerating their reconstruction and modernization, synchronously increasing the efficiency of checkpoint operations in both directions and the level of their interconnectivity, and advancing the accelerated construction of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky-Heixiazidao cargo and passenger road checkpoint.

The parties expressed their readiness to continue strengthening bilateral cooperation in the field of air transport and welcome the increase in the number of passenger and cargo flights operated by national airlines, based on interstate agreements on air rights and in accordance with market needs.

The Parties confirm their intention, in the spirit of Article 9 of the Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Sino-Soviet State Border in its Eastern Part dated May 16, 1991, and the Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the navigation of Russian and Chinese vessels in the waters located around and adjacent to the area of ​​the Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Islands (Heixiazidao Islands), to continue working in a trilateral format together with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to agree on access to the sea through the Tumannaya River and to intensify bilateral negotiations on a draft agreement between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the navigation of Russian and Chinese vessels in the waters located around and adjacent to the area of ​​the Tarabarov and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Islands (Heixiazidao Islands).

The parties intend to expand the construction of Russian-Chinese cross-border transport infrastructure, improve the efficiency of goods and passenger transportation, and continue efforts to organize cross-border freight traffic using unmanned transport technology. The parties noted the important role of cooperation in this area, including the exchange of experience in the regulatory framework for unmanned technologies in air and land transport, as well as autonomous navigation.

The parties will continue to support the smooth operation of bilateral transport corridors, strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in organizing China-Europe train service, ensure stable transportation tariffs, support the development of rail, road, and maritime transit from China to Europe through Russia, and consistently promote practical cooperation to increase freight traffic along the Northern Sea Route and its overall development.

The parties expressed their readiness to increase the volume of export and import freight traffic by rail between Russia and China, as well as transit through third countries, and to synchronize efforts to build infrastructure and access roads for railway border stations in the interests of the smooth, stable, and sustainable development of logistics corridors and ensuring the safety and efficiency of freight transport.

The parties intend to deepen cooperation in the construction of cross-border road bridges on a concession basis, using the Blagoveshchensk-Heihe road bridge as an example.

The parties are ready to continue developing the Europe – Western China international transport corridor and to promote the interconnectivity of highways between Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.

The parties highly valued the prospects for further strengthening comprehensive trilateral cooperation with Mongolia and the creation of the Russia-Mongolia-China Economic Corridor. They will actively promote the implementation of key joint projects and cooperation within the development of this corridor. The parties agreed to continue assisting Ulaanbaatar in its integration into regional integration processes, including within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

The parties intend to deepen cooperation in the agricultural and forestry sectors, strengthen investment cooperation in agriculture, and accelerate the creation of an experimental demonstration zone for Russian-Chinese agricultural cooperation in the Russian Far East. This zone is intended to become an effective pilot project within the framework of Russia’s policy to create international priority development areas.

Deepening cooperation in the agricultural sector is in the economic interests of Russia and China and contributes to strengthening their food security. The parties will work together to expand the range and volume of meat products supplied from epizootic-free regions of Russia to China, including beef and pork by-products, while observing safety measures and based on risk analysis. They will also promote the restoration of supplies of compliant products from Russian poultry enterprises to China and expand mutual trade in animal feed. The parties expect to increase the volume of animal and plant products supplied from China to Russia, intend to promote supplies of compliant products from Chinese poultry enterprises to Russia, and expand the number of Chinese enterprises registered to export seafood to Russia.

The parties will continue to deepen cooperation on protecting the populations of Amur tigers, Far Eastern leopards, giant pandas, golden snub-nosed monkeys, migratory birds, and other wild animal species, and develop an exchange of experience in managing specially protected natural areas.

The parties agreed to continue implementing large-scale space projects that meet the shared interests of Russia and China and are included in their national space programs, actively promote cooperation, and systematically increase the level of interaction in key areas of space activities, including the International Lunar Research Station, lunar exploration, and deep space exploration.

The parties agreed to deepen mutually beneficial contacts in the field of satellite navigation, actively implement the Russian-Chinese roadmap for cooperation in satellite navigation for 2026–2030, and ensure the complementarity of the GLONASS and Beidou navigation systems for the benefit of users worldwide.

The parties expressed their readiness to continue strengthening Russian-Chinese cooperation in the coordination and use of radio frequencies and satellite orbits, and to continuously deepen Russian-Chinese cooperation and exchange of experience in the field of satellite internet and the internet of things.

The two sides agreed to explore the possibility of establishing a software cooperation mechanism to jointly build digital infrastructure, strengthen cooperation and exchange on open source issues, and promote the introduction of high-quality open source achievements into key industries for the joint development of the two countries in this area.

The parties agreed to continue developing close cooperation in environmental protection and water resources, in particular by expanding cooperation in information on hydrological processes in transboundary waters and flood prevention to ensure flood protection in the border areas of the two countries, and to further deepen practical cooperation to enhance the quality of transboundary waters. The parties agreed to maintain coordination for emergency communications in the event of environmental incidents, promote the creation of a network of transboundary protected areas, protect biodiversity, strengthen cooperation in waste management, and continue to promote environmental cooperation within the G20, BRICS, SCO, and the Northeast Asia Subregional Environmental Cooperation Program.

Noting the important role of cooperation in the field of standardization in promoting technological progress and facilitating trade procedures, the Parties will continue to deepen cooperation in key areas of standardization, in particular, promoting mutual recognition of standards in the automotive industry, the production of children’s goods, and organic products, and will also establish a long-term cooperation mechanism for the exchange of information in the field of conformity assessment.

The parties agreed to continue to deepen exchanges and cooperation in the field of intellectual property in order to provide applicants and copyright holders of the two countries with higher-quality services in this area, jointly create a favorable business and legal environment, and promote the exchange of experience and practices in the field of intellectual property protection and defense, taking into account the development of the digital economy and artificial intelligence technologies.

The parties emphasized the importance of strengthening cooperation in antitrust policy between Russia and China. Practical cooperation mechanisms in law enforcement enable the identification and prevention of cross-border violations of antitrust legislation. The parties intend to continue working to implement bilateral intergovernmental agreements to ensure fair competition and antitrust policy in the interests of citizens of both countries.

The parties intend to deepen cooperation in the area of ​​consumer protection and develop common approaches to ensuring its proper level, including in the cross-border purchase of services, within the framework of e-commerce, and in the provision of tourism services.

The parties noted that metrology is an important foundation for international trade. Through annual meetings of the Russian-Chinese working group on cooperation in metrology, the parties have achieved practical results in the fields of measurements in the energy and medical sectors. The parties intend to continue the mutual exchange of experience and visits of technical specialists in metrology, and agreed to continue conducting joint comparisons of national measurement standards in various areas of mutual interest. The parties are committed to continuing their cooperation in metrology.

The parties intend to deepen cooperation in housing, urban, and rural construction, promote joint research into the construction of comfortable housing in regions with cold climates, and enhance mutual learning in such areas as “safe technologies for creating urban infrastructure lifelines,” urban renovation, digitalization, and the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the construction industry.

The parties attach great importance to and welcome the positive results of Russian-Chinese interregional cooperation in trade, economic, investment, and humanitarian areas, including between the regions of the Russian Far East and Northeast China, as well as between the regions of the Volga Federal District and the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. They support strengthening exchanges and expanding interregional and cross-border cooperation. The Chinese side welcomes the Russian side’s policy of creating international priority development areas.

The parties agreed to deepen practical cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and China, including within the framework of the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and its Member States, on the one hand, and the People’s Republic of China, on the other, and to continue to promote cooperation in aligning the EAEU’s development plans with the Belt and Road Initiative, including in areas such as transport, logistics, transit, digitalization, e-commerce, regulatory coordination to ensure barrier-free trade, and the development of trade in food and agricultural products. The parties recognize the importance of such dialogue for strengthening trade cooperation, including for the purpose of deepening economic integration and connectivity in the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions, as well as in the interests of the parallel and coordinated promotion of the Greater Eurasian Partnership and the Belt and Road Initiative. The parties intend to continue to improve the quality of trade and economic cooperation mechanisms between China and the EAEU member states and enhance the level of freedom and ease of trade.

III

The parties advocate for cultural and civilizational diversity, support each other’s efforts to preserve their cultural and historical identity and traditional spiritual and moral values, resolutely defend cultural sovereignty, do not impose their own values ​​and models on others, and do not engage in ideological confrontation.

The Parties consider it necessary to further strengthen the role of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a universal intergovernmental humanitarian forum and to promote mutually respectful, professional dialogue on this platform in order to effectively communicate between Member States and strengthen unity.

The parties unanimously believe that humanitarian cooperation is an important social foundation and spiritual link in bilateral relations. Through educational exchanges, cultural interpenetration, and youth interaction, it contributes to strengthening mutual understanding between the peoples of the two countries, forming a solid social foundation for political trust and trade and economic cooperation.

The parties highly praised the results of cooperation in the field of education and agreed to promote the further development of direct partnerships between Russian and Chinese educational institutions, the holding of joint events, and the exchange of experience between educational staff of the two countries.

The parties will make efforts to successfully conduct the Years of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of education in order to develop practical cooperation and deepen humanitarian interaction, will continue to promote the establishment of partnerships between Russian and Chinese higher education institutions and research organizations, the exchange of experience and practices in the field of education between the two countries, will continue to expand the scale of bilateral student exchanges, strengthen the joint training of highly qualified personnel by universities of the two countries, develop the Russian-Chinese Institute of Fundamental Research, support the establishment of the Russian-Chinese Institute of Innovation Research by universities of the two countries, will support the activities of Russian-Chinese associations of specialized universities and the Association of Pre-University Educational Institutions, promote the establishment of a bilateral alliance of vocational education, encourage the teaching and study of the Russian language in China and the Chinese language in Russia, facilitate exchanges between students of general education organizations, organize Russian-Chinese summer schools and hold events on compulsory academic subjects, To promote greater mutual understanding among young students, to increase communication and interaction in the field of education in multilateral formats, and to jointly strengthen our influence on the coordination of educational processes at the global level.

The parties believe that deepening scientific, technological, and innovative cooperation is of strategic importance for accelerating development and enhancing the international competitiveness of the two countries. The parties will continue to strengthen their cooperation in fundamental and applied sciences and advanced technologies, conduct high-level joint research, regularly select research projects, continually improve their funding mechanisms, actively promote mutual access to megascience projects, and jointly achieve breakthrough results. The parties will continue to promote stronger scientific and technological contacts, the mobility of young scientists, and their joint training. They will deepen specialized cooperation within multilateral formats, including BRICS, the SCO, APEC, and the G20, and jointly unlock the potential of scientific and technological innovation to promote the socioeconomic development of the two countries.

The parties highly value the fruitful results of bilateral cooperation in the fields of performing arts, museum and library services, television and radio broadcasting, and creative education, achieved during the Russia-China Years of Culture in 2024–2025, and will consistently expand its geographic scope. The parties will support the 14th Russian Culture Festival in China and the 17th Chinese Culture Festival in Russia, the 4th Russian-Chinese Library Forum, the Chinese New Year festivals in Moscow and other Russian cities, the Farewell to Winter festivals in Beijing and other Chinese cities, and the 16th International Russian-Chinese Culture and Art Fair. They will fully utilize the cultural centers established in the two countries on a mutual basis to develop practical cooperation in areas such as organizing exhibitions, concerts, language training programs, presentations of cultural and tourism potential, as well as youth and interregional cooperation.

The parties agreed to consistently deepen exchanges and collaboration in the film industry. Within the framework of the Subcommission on Cooperation in Cinematography of the Russian-Chinese Commission on Humanitarian Cooperation, they will support the holding of annual “cross” film festivals and fully utilize the venues of the Moscow International Film Festival, the Message to Man and Spirit of Fire film festivals, the Shanghai and Beijing International Film Festivals, and the Silk Road International Film Festival to intensify exchanges of film products and film professionals. The parties intend to promote the expansion of joint film production, establish and deepen direct contacts between film professionals and organizations in the two countries, and continue to implement the Action Plan for Joint Film Production until 2030, approved by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the State Film Administration of the People’s Republic of China.

The parties commend the results of bilateral cooperation in healthcare and express satisfaction with the holding of a Russian-Chinese tactical and special exercise and an international scientific and practical conference on disaster medicine in 2026. The parties will continue to consistently develop cooperation in various areas related to healthcare, such as disaster medicine, biological safety, infectious disease prevention and control, and the control of their cross-border spread, medical education, including through the Russian-Chinese Association of Medical Universities, medical science and innovation, oncology and nuclear medicine, ophthalmology, psychiatry, maternal and child health, digital healthcare, traditional medicine , and the safety of medicines and medical devices.

The parties will continue to strengthen close cooperation on healthcare issues at international forums, work together to promote global sanitary and epidemiological well-being, and promote the health of the peoples of both countries. The parties agreed to expand cooperation through their anti-epidemic agencies in the areas of biological security, infectious disease prevention and control, and their cross-border spread.

The parties highly appreciate the positive results of their sports ties and express their readiness to further deepen exchanges and cooperation in physical education and sports. They acknowledge the positive experience of hosting the 4th Russian-Chinese Winter Youth Games and the 10th Russian-Chinese Summer Youth Games in Russia. The parties agreed to continue the established tradition of alternately hosting the Russian-Chinese Winter and Summer Youth Games in Russia and China and to organize the 5th Russian-Chinese Winter Youth Games and the 11th Russian-Chinese Summer Youth Games in China.

The parties note the importance of further developing contacts in national and traditional sports of greatest interest, as well as strengthening sports exchanges at the interregional level. The parties agreed to facilitate joint training events and sports competitions, including winter sports, at sports facilities in Russia and China, and noted the importance of further expanding cooperation in sports education and research. The parties commend the activities of the Russian-Chinese Association of Sports Universities and agreed to promote stronger direct contacts between sports education organizations in the two countries, including through joint forums, conferences, and the implementation of network educational programs.

The parties intend to work together to combat doping in sport. They support the further promotion of equal international sports cooperation based on Olympic values ​​and principles. They agreed to continue coordinating their approaches through their participation in the work of sectoral bodies in the field of physical culture and sport in multilateral organizations and associations, such as the SCO, BRICS, UNESCO, the Asia Cooperation Dialogue, and other organizations.

The parties, noting the successful implementation of the visa-free travel mechanism for citizens of the two countries and its positive impact on the development of business and humanitarian ties, agreed to continue work to simplify visa formalities and gradually facilitate mutual travel for citizens.

The parties agreed to promote further cooperation in the field of youth policy, implement joint projects in the areas of patriotic and spiritual-moral education of children and youth, youth entrepreneurship, volunteerism, creative industries, and new media, expand partnerships between regional youth agencies and non-profit organizations, and jointly promote youth agendas and youth initiatives at multilateral forums such as the United Nations (UN), the SCO, and BRICS.

The parties intend to continue coordinating information support for major international events and promote coverage of the political, economic, social, and cultural developments of the two countries, as well as Russian-Chinese relations. They will jointly counter unfriendly actions by third parties that could negatively impact bilateral media cooperation, information interference in the internal affairs of states, and the dissemination of false information that damages interstate relations, and expand channels for information exchange.

The parties will deepen cooperation in the media sphere, jointly host the Russia-China Media Forum, facilitate mutual visits by representatives of key media outlets, strengthen efforts in joint personnel training, and mutually provide favorable conditions for the work of Russian and Chinese media personnel. They will exchange experiences in digital diplomacy, expand the practical application of new technologies in media work, and deepen substantive cooperation between regional media outlets.

The parties support exchanges between online media and well-known bloggers from Russia and China for the purpose of joint content production, training of personnel for the media in the information and telecommunications network Internet and new media, as well as holding large forums for online publications.

The parties will deepen cooperation in the publishing sector, actively develop programs for the mutual translation and publication of works of Russian and Chinese classical and modern literature, continue to participate in book exhibitions organized in Russia and China, and support each other’s participation in events as the main guest.

The parties will more actively exchange experiences and share practices in the protection and application of copyright.

The parties intend to deepen cooperation in the field of archival affairs, share experience in the field of archive management, exchange copies of archival documents of mutual interest, jointly compile and publish collections of archival documents, and organize historical and documentary exhibitions.

The parties emphasize the importance of public diplomacy in building multifaceted ties between Russia and China, and note the positive role of the Russian-Chinese Committee for Friendship, Peace, and Development and friendship societies in strengthening public ties and deepening mutual understanding between the peoples of the two countries.

IV

The Parties note that the modern world is chaotic, geopolitical rivalry is intensifying, and local conflicts and instability are increasingly frequent. The global deficit in peace, development, security, governance, and regulation of international relations continues to worsen. The Parties emphasize their resolute opposition to hegemonism and unilateralism, their opposition to a return to a world where might alone rules, and their firm support for the authority and central role of the UN in international affairs. The Parties resolutely oppose the use of unilateral sanctions, secondary restrictions, discriminatory customs duties, and other restrictive trade practices, and call on all states to protect the multilateral trading system, the central element of which are the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as the stable functioning of global supply chains.

The parties note a trend toward increasing rivalry in the international arena and rising tensions in international affairs, fueled by the aggressive policies of a number of states operating within the logic of hegemony and neocolonialist thinking. To this end, they encroach on the sovereignty of other states, hinder their economic, scientific, and technological development, and thereby create obstacles to the emergence of a multipolar world.

The Parties condemn unilateral coercive, punitive, and discriminatory protectionist measures adopted by a state, group, or association of states in violation of international law and the principles of the sovereign equality of states and non-interference in their internal affairs. The Parties call for the lifting of illegal unilateral coercive measures that undermine international law and the principles and purposes of the UN Charter, and reaffirm that they will not impose or support sanctions that have not been approved by the UN Security Council and that are contrary to international law.

The parties are convinced of the need to strictly adhere to the principle of sovereign equality of states, as enshrined in the UN Charter, and to international obligations regarding the immunities of states and their property, including sovereign reserves. The parties condemn initiatives related to the blocking, seizure, or confiscation of assets and property of foreign states, and emphasize their right to retaliate in accordance with international law.

The parties emphasize that the concept of building a Community of Shared Future for Humanity and a number of global initiatives put forward by China are of significant positive significance. The parties will closely cooperate to strengthen international peace, stability, and security and, to this end, will fully support the advancement of each other’s initiatives in the international arena.

The Parties emphasize that the Global Security Initiative proposed by China is of great significance for reforming and improving global security governance. They advocate that all states respect the purposes and principles of the UN Charter in their entirety, completeness, and interrelationship, uphold respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, and oppose actions that harm the fundamental interests of other states, particularly in the area of ​​security. They will resolve differences peacefully through dialogue and consultation, based on equality and the indivisibility of security, address the root causes of conflicts, and improve the system of global governance and the regulation of international relations.

The Parties strongly condemn any attempts at external forceful dictation aimed at undermining the processes of consolidation and equal cooperation in Eurasia. The Chinese Side highly appreciates the initiative put forward by the Russian Side to create an equal and indivisible Eurasian security architecture, aimed at ensuring long-term order and peace on the continent and creating conditions for the development of all states without exception, free from the threat of external interference. The Parties call on all states to uphold the principles of equality and indivisibility of global and regional security, including Eurasian security, and to develop a joint, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security system on a global and regional scale.

The parties intend to deepen dialogue on developing cooperation on the issues of the Global Security Initiative and the initiative to form a Eurasian security architecture, promote exchanges and the alignment of security concepts, strengthen strategic cooperation in the field of security, and jointly improve the well-being of the peoples of the region, contributing to the cause of protecting peace and tranquility throughout the world.

The Russian side attaches great importance to the Global Civilization Initiative and is ready to collaborate with the Chinese side in organizing relevant events in accordance with the resolution “International Day of Dialogue among Civilizations” adopted by the UN General Assembly, to promote cultural exchanges and dialogue, and to foster ties between peoples.

The parties will continue to resolutely defend the correct view of the history of World War II and the inviolability of the results of Victory in World War II, enshrined in the UN Charter, the charters and verdicts of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, and will resist attempts to deny, distort, and falsify the history of World War II.

The parties intend to further strengthen cooperation in combating the glorification of Nazism, fascism, and militarism, as well as attempts to revive these destructive ideologies and the denial of genocide. The parties note the importance of proper historical education, the preservation, and the inadmissibility of desecrating or destroying monuments erected in honor of the peoples of the two countries and the sacrificed heroes who fought side by side in World War II. The parties strongly condemn the glorification of those who fought on the side of the Nazis, fascists, and militarists, collaborated with them, and committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The parties emphasize that the authority of UN General Assembly Resolution No. 2758 is not subject to question or revision.

The Russian side reaffirms its commitment to the “one China” principle, recognizing that there is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an inalienable part of it, and the government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing all of China. It opposes Taiwanese independence in any form, notes that interference in China’s domestic affairs undermines peace and security in the Taiwan Strait, and firmly supports the Chinese government’s actions to defend its sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as to achieve national unification.

The Chinese Side supports the efforts of the Russian Side to ensure security and stability, national development and prosperity, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russia’s internal affairs.

The parties note that actions such as treacherous military strikes against other countries, the hypocritical use of negotiations as cover for preparing such strikes, the assassination of leaders of sovereign states, the destabilization of the domestic political situation in these states and the provocation of regime change, and the brazen kidnapping of national leaders for trial, grossly violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, the norms of international law and international relations, and cause irreparable damage to the foundations of the world order formed following World War II, as well as the civilizational foundations of interstate communication. The parties categorically reject and strongly condemn these actions, stating that external destructive interference in the affairs of Eurasia is currently the main factor destabilizing the situation on the continent.

The parties reaffirm their commitment to strengthening cooperation and coordination both bilaterally and within the UN, BRICS, SCO, and other international and regional multilateral forums to decisively suppress the spread of extremist ideology that fuels terrorism and extremism in the modern world. The parties intend to jointly combat the “three forces of evil,” particularly terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of Russia and China. They also intend to jointly prevent the planning and implementation of terrorist attacks using new technologies, and jointly counter the support and use of terrorist groups for political purposes.

The parties reaffirm their support for the international arms control system with the UN at its core and support the work of multilateral arms control mechanisms such as the UN General Assembly Committee on Disarmament and International Security, the UN Disarmament Commission, and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The parties will continue consultations and exchanges at all levels on arms control and non-proliferation issues.

In their efforts to protect and strengthen global strategic balance and stability, the Parties reaffirm the continued relevance of the assessments and approaches set out in the Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on Global Strategic Stability, adopted on May 8, 2025. The Parties note that the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms of April 8, 2010 (START) played a positive role in preventing an arms race, reducing strategic risks and maintaining strategic stability, express regret that, after its expiration, the irresponsible policy of the United States did not allow the legacy of this agreement in the form of voluntary self-restraint to be preserved, and call on the United States to work in good faith to create appropriate conditions that would be conducive to joint comprehensive efforts to strengthen strategic stability. The Chinese side welcomes the Russian side’s initiative to continue Moscow and Washington’s adherence to the central quantitative limits of the New START Treaty, which reflects the Russian side’s commitment to maintaining predictability, restraint, and balance in this area. The Russian side respects the Chinese side’s position on the so-called trilateral talks between China, the United States, and Russia on nuclear arms control.

The Parties condemn any provocations and hostile actions by nuclear-weapon States against other nuclear-weapon States, which undermine their fundamental security interests and increase strategic risks. Some nuclear-weapon States, blindly believing in the “right of might,” are attempting to gain an absolute military advantage, forward-deploying military-strategic infrastructure and corresponding offensive and defensive weapons in close proximity to other nuclear-weapon States, and uncontrollably expanding military alliances in violation of the principle of equal and indivisible security, thereby increasing tensions in relations between nuclear-weapon States. The Parties call on the remaining countries that signed the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Prevention of an Arms Race of January 3, 2022, to strictly and fully adhere to its contents.

The Parties note that the plans and practical steps of some nuclear-weapon States and their allies to forward-deploy land-based intermediate- and shorter-range missiles, threatening other nuclear-weapon States, raise serious concerns due to the short flight times of such missiles and their potential for precision strikes against a wide range of critical facilities and targets located within the territories of other nuclear-weapon States. Such activities by a number of nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States, which, within military blocs and coalitions, are implementing strategies of “pre-launch intercept,” “deep precision strike,” “kill chain,” and “counterstrike potential,” allowing for preemptive or preventive missile strikes aimed at decapitating and disarming an adversary, are highly destabilizing in nature, posing a strategic threat to the States against whom they are directed. The Parties strongly condemn such provocative actions, which undermine regional stability and global security, and will jointly oppose them.

The parties believe that the US “Golden Dome” project, aimed at building an unlimited, multi-layered, multi-domain, and global missile defense system to defeat any missiles, including all types of “peer” missiles, at all stages of their flight and before launch, poses a clear threat to strategic stability. These plans completely negate the key principle of maintaining strategic stability, which requires the inseparable interconnection of strategic offensive and strategic defensive weapons.

This significantly increases the risk of conflicts in space, contributes to the militarization of outer space and its transformation into a site of armed confrontation, runs counter to the principles of the peaceful use of outer space, enshrined in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, of January 27, 1967 (Outer Space Treaty), and leads to an aggravation of an already difficult situation.

The Parties express their strict commitment to the Outer Space Treaty, which is the cornerstone of international space law, promote the strengthening of multilateral cooperation in this area on an equal and non-discriminatory basis, oppose unilateral approaches to the implementation of space activities, as well as the use of civil and commercial spacecraft for interference in the internal affairs of other States and illegal involvement in armed conflicts of other States.

The Parties oppose the deployment of weapons of any kind in outer space, the threat or use of force against or through space objects, and attempts by individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation. They will oppose policies aimed at achieving military superiority in outer space and formally designating it as a combat domain. In this regard, the Parties note the serious negative consequences for international security associated with the implementation of the U.S. “Golden Dome” project, which includes the development and deployment of space-based interceptors. The Parties emphasize that this program significantly increases the risk of combat in space, facilitates the deployment of weapons in outer space and its transformation into an arena of armed confrontation, the threat or use of force against or through space objects, and runs counter to the goals of the peaceful use of outer space enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty.

The Parties reaffirm the need to promptly initiate international negotiations to develop a multilateral, legally binding instrument based on the Russian-Chinese draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, the threat or use of force against outer space objects, and the 2024 consensus report of the UN Group of Governmental Experts established by UN General Assembly resolution 77/250 that would provide fundamental and reliable guarantees for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. The Parties support the globalization of the international initiative/political commitment to not be the first to place weapons in outer space in order to strengthen international peace, ensure equal and indivisible security for all, and enhance the predictability and sustainability of States’ activities in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes.

The Parties firmly uphold the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, the cornerstone of which is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The Parties resolutely oppose any actions that contradict their NPT obligations, both by non-nuclear-weapon states and, especially, by nuclear-weapon states.

The parties are seriously concerned about Japan’s long-term large-scale accumulation of sensitive nuclear materials in the absence of reliable confirmation of their civilian purpose, and remain vigilant against the unacceptable ambitions and highly provocative steps of Japan’s right-wing forces to revise the “three non-nuclear principles,” to move to even more destabilizing schemes of “extended nuclear deterrence” with its allies, with potential elements of “joint nuclear missions” with its allies, and even to acquire its own nuclear weapons. They call on the Japanese government to fully adhere to its international legal obligations, including those defined by the NPT.

The Parties express concern over statements by a number of formally non-nuclear countries of the European Union in favour of acquiring nuclear weapons and call on the International Atomic Energy Agency to pay the closest attention to this and to ensure proper control over nuclear material and activities in such States.

The Parties strongly urge the relevant nuclear-weapon states and their non-nuclear allies to abandon as soon as possible the deeply destabilizing schemes of “joint nuclear missions” and “extended” and “forward” nuclear deterrence that they practice at the interstate level, by taking the necessary measures in their national and collective security policies that would exclude the creation of new algorithms of this kind in the future within the framework of their military alliances.

The Parties reiterate their conviction that the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) must be fully implemented and continually strengthened, including through its institutionalization and the adoption of a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism. No state should conduct biological warfare activities on its own or another state’s territory that threaten the security of other countries or the relevant region.

The Parties reaffirm their commitment to building a world free of chemical weapons and call on States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) to take comprehensive measures to achieve this goal and to facilitate the return of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a depoliticized technical framework. The Parties call on Japan to conscientiously fulfill its obligations to ensure the prompt, complete, and final destruction of chemical weapons abandoned in China. China supports the Russian Federation’s candidacy for election to the OPCW Executive Council.

The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the obligations arising from the NPT, the BTWC and the CWC in the field of export control and oppose the use of these mechanisms by individual States for their own selfish purposes for the technological and economic containment of other States and the implementation of illegitimate unilateral restrictive measures against them.

The Parties will promote the implementation of UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/79/80 of 2 December 2024 “Promoting international cooperation in the field of peaceful uses in the context of international security.”

The Parties intend to deepen high-level strategic cooperation on information security, consistently strengthen interaction in responding to threats in this area, and exchange experience in the area of ​​legislative regulation of the Internet. The Parties express concern about emerging threats to global information security. They emphasize the key role of the UN in responding to threats in the information space, support the development of dialogue and cooperation on information security within the framework of the Global Mechanism for Advances in Information and Communication Technologies in the Context of International Security and the promotion of responsible behavior of states in the use of such technologies, adhere to the Rules of Responsible Conduct of States in the Information Space, and support the development of generally recognized and universal international legal agreements in the area of ​​international information security, including on issues such as data security and supply chain stability. The Parties protect an open, secure, stable, accessible, peaceful, and interconnected information and communications technology environment, and respect and support the principle of sovereignty of the information space.

Russia and China note that artificial intelligence technologies are becoming a significant factor significantly influencing the acceleration and quality of socioeconomic reforms. They promote the development of artificial intelligence for the benefit of universal development, while opposing its use by individual states as a geopolitical tool to maintain dominant positions. The Parties support strengthening international cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence to reap the benefits of developing smart technologies and to overcome potential risks and challenges associated with artificial intelligence. The Russian Side welcomes the Chinese Side’s initiative to establish a World Organization for Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence. The Parties reiterated their intention to develop cooperation on the military application of artificial intelligence technologies both bilaterally and at relevant multilateral forums, including within the framework of the Group of Governmental Experts of States Parties to the Convention on Inhumane Weapons on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.

The parties intend to coordinate their positions on issues related to artificial intelligence science within the framework of international organizations.

The parties place great emphasis on ensuring security and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, organizations, and projects of the two countries within each other’s territories. The parties intend to intensify the exchange of information on security issues in foreign countries and regional security through consultations on the safety of citizens abroad and other mechanisms. The parties will support and assist each other in implementing emergency measures to protect citizens abroad and evacuate them in the event of situations in third countries and regions that threaten their lives and health, including political instability, armed conflicts, and natural disasters.

V

The Parties reaffirm the importance of the Joint Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on Further Strengthening Cooperation to Uphold the Authority of International Law of May 8, 2025. They intend to resolutely defend the international system with the UN at its center, the international order based on international law, and the fundamental principles of international relations built on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. They also intend to strengthen strategic interaction and cooperation within the UN, protect common interests, international justice and impartiality, and oppose any attempts to revise the results of World War II. The Russian Side supports the global governance initiative put forward by the Chinese Side. The Parties intend to coordinate their actions on key global governance issues and jointly promote the construction of a more equitable and rational global governance system.

The Parties emphasize that the UN Security Council bears primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, reaffirm the need to adhere to the prohibition of the threat or use of force enshrined in the UN Charter, and condemn unilateral military intervention not carried out on the basis of the individual or collective right of self-defense or without the approval of the UN Security Council. They oppose and condemn any unilateral coercive measures that violate international law and are imposed without the approval of the UN Security Council. The Parties attach great importance to the activities of the Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter and will continue to actively participate in its work.

Russia supports China’s Global Development Initiative and will continue to participate in the Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative. The parties will continue to call on the international community to focus on development, increasing investment, and deepening practical international cooperation to accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The parties strongly support a rules-based multilateral trading system with the WTO playing a central role, and jointly oppose unilateral sanctions and trade protectionism. Russia and China intend to continue strengthening dialogue and cooperation mechanisms within the WTO and coordinate their approaches to global trade development, including through the informal BRICS consultation mechanism.

Russia and China will facilitate the implementation of the decisions adopted at the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference (MC14), advance consultations on issues not resolved at MC14, and promote the adoption of a reform package, including the Yaounde package. The parties intend to resolutely defend the WTO’s fundamental principles, including most-favored-nation treatment, oppose unilateralism and trade protectionism, and promote WTO rules to meet the demands of the times and better align them with current development challenges in the interests of enhancing the Organization’s role in global economic governance.

The parties intend to deepen cooperation within the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the New Development Bank, and continue to promote interaction between the G20, BRICS, SCO, and APEC on the financial track.

The parties note the important role of multilateral development banks in the global economy as independent financial institutions created to promote the sustainable development of member countries, and emphasize the need to ensure their depoliticization, as well as equal and non-discriminatory access for shareholders to their resources, including the implementation of project activities in all member countries. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the stable functioning of multilateral development banks and the protection of the common interests of all their members.

Russia and China attach great importance to coordinated work within the SCO, which celebrates its 25th anniversary this year. Together with other SCO member states, they will continue their efforts to strengthen the SCO’s strategic role in shaping a just, multipolar world order based on universally recognized principles of international law, cultural and civilizational diversity, and mutually beneficial and equal cooperation among states, with the UN playing a central coordinating role. The parties will promote deeper cooperation within the SCO, which can serve as the foundation for creating a space of indivisible security and sustainable development in the Eurasian region.

In this context, the Parties intend to actively pursue the consistent implementation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Development Strategy to 2035 and advance the process of comprehensive improvement of the SCO, including amendments to the Organization’s legal framework, the preparation of a protocol on amendments and additions to the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, provisions on the Universal Center for Countering Security Challenges and Threats of SCO Member States and its subdivisions, as well as the SCO Anti-Drug Center, with a view to launching their practical work. Particular attention will be paid to enhancing fruitful cooperation in the cultural, humanitarian, trade, and economic spheres, and developing mechanisms for financial support of project activities. The Parties will continue consultations on the establishment of the SCO Development Bank.

Russia and China emphasize that the principle of openness is the cornerstone of the SCO, support the further accession of states that share its goals, objectives, and fundamental principles, as well as the “Shanghai spirit,” which embodies mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultation, respect for cultural diversity, and the desire for joint development, and confirm their readiness to develop cooperation with all interested states and international organizations, including in the “SCO Plus” format.

The Parties are prepared to work with other SCO member states to develop cooperation between defense ministries, security councils, competent authorities and services, and anti-drug agencies. The Parties confirm their intention to intensify multilateral cooperation in improving cross-border infrastructure, e-commerce, scientific and technological innovation, trade in services, energy, the digital economy, sustainable manufacturing, higher education, vocational technical education, and the development of creative industries, with the aim of increasing the combined gross domestic product of member states, ensuring youth employment, and strengthening the economic, cultural, and humanitarian dimensions of multilateral cooperation within the SCO space. They support enhancing the SCO’s role in protecting the multilateral trading system, ensuring the security and stability of supply chains, and advancing reform of the global economic governance system.

The parties welcome the progressive development of practical cooperation in the trilateral format of the SCO – CSTO – CIS in order to strengthen the potential to counter cross-border challenges and threats to security.

The parties note the important role of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in ensuring regional stability and the comprehensive development of multipolar cooperation in Eurasia. They support the strengthening of ties between the CIS and the SCO, including through the decision to grant the SCO observer status within the CIS on October 10, 2025.

The Russian side fully supports the Chinese side in successfully hosting the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in 2026. The Chinese side welcomes and supports Russia’s bid to host the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in 2035. The parties will continue to strengthen cooperation and coordination within APEC, comprehensively promote cooperation during the Year of China in APEC, and jointly build an Asia-Pacific community to promote shared prosperity. The parties will promote the construction of an open global economy, facilitate sustainable and inclusive economic growth, promote the process of regional economic integration, the overall development of the Greater Eurasian Partnership and the Belt and Road Initiative, and the creation of a free trade zone in the Asia-Pacific region (APR), and advance practical cooperation in areas such as connectivity, the digital economy and information and communications technology, including artificial intelligence, transport and energy, and sustainable and inclusive economic growth, taking into account individual levels of development and national legislation.

The parties will continue to strengthen dialogue and interaction within BRICS and promote the high-quality development of “cooperation within an expanded BRICS.” Russia and China declare their readiness to support India’s BRICS Presidency in 2026 in order to strengthen the strategic partnership within the association in all three main areas of cooperation in the areas of politics and security, economics and finance (including within the framework of the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy), and people-to-people contacts. The parties intend to work together with other BRICS member states and partner countries to implement the agreements reached during past BRICS summits, contribute to enhancing its international authority, and build strong ties with developing countries, including by engaging partner countries in practical cooperation mechanisms within the association and strengthening the “BRICS Plus”/”outreach” formats. The Russian side supports and is ready to provide the necessary assistance to the Chinese side in preparation for China’s Presidency of the Association in 2027. The parties welcome increased cooperation in supporting the multilateral trading system and WTO reform, sustainable growth and restoration of supply chains, establishing cooperation between special economic zones, stimulating e-commerce, promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and start-ups, and collaborating on energy security and efficiency. The Chinese side welcomes the Russian side’s initiative to establish a grain (commodity) exchange within BRICS.

The parties, highly appreciating the constructive Russian-Chinese interaction within the G20, confirm their intention to further strengthen cooperation and coordination within the G20 as the leading international economic forum. The parties will unite the countries of the Global South, promote a fair and orderly process of establishing multipolarity and mutually beneficial, inclusive, and non-discriminatory economic globalization, and advance universal and equal access to global markets, supply chains, institutions, and support mechanisms.

Taking into account the fundamental principles of the G20, including depoliticization, strict adherence to the economic mandate, membership, and consensus, the Parties will jointly address global economic and financial challenges, promote equitable development, taking into account the diversity of development paths and the right of states to choose their own model based on their national circumstances. The Parties commit to continue advancing reform of the international financial and economic governance system, promoting stronger representation and voice for developing countries.

The Parties confirm that the immunity of state officials from the criminal jurisdiction of foreign states is an important guarantee of the stable functioning of international relations. Any actions that violate the norms of international law regarding the immunity of state officials are equally contrary to the principle of the sovereign equality of states. The Parties emphasize that senior officials such as the head of state, head of government, and minister of foreign affairs enjoy personal immunity and absolute (personal) immunity, while officials representing the state or exercising state functions enjoy functional immunity while performing their official duties. The unlawful arrest of the head of state and other foreign government officials enjoying immunity and their prosecution in violation of generally recognized norms of international law are unacceptable.

The parties intend to continue their joint efforts aimed at developing constructive dialogue and cooperation in the field of human rights in a multilateral format, promoting universal human values, countering the politicization of human rights, the policy of double standards, and the use of human rights issues to interfere in the internal affairs of other states, and jointly promoting the healthy development of all aspects of the international human rights agenda.

The Parties highly value each other’s efforts to advance international anti-corruption cooperation within the UN, the G20, BRICS, APEC, and other multilateral formats. They intend to continue to firmly support the key role of the United Nations Convention against Corruption in global anti-corruption governance and to promote the creation of a more equitable and rational system of global anti-corruption governance. The Russian Side expresses its readiness to actively support China in holding relevant events of the APEC Anti-Corruption and Transparency Working Group in 2026. The Parties welcome the Beijing Consensus on Law Enforcement Cooperation and Denying Safe Haven to Corruption Offenders and call on the international community to have zero tolerance for corruption, strengthen cooperation in seizing and returning corrupt assets, and deny safe haven to corruption offenders.

The Parties welcome the adoption of the UN Convention against Cybercrime by the UN General Assembly. The Parties, among the first signatories of the Convention, are committed to promoting the rapid entry into force of this international treaty and its effective implementation, as well as to actively participate in the development of an additional protocol to the Convention to expand the document’s criminal scope and strengthen international cooperation in the fight against cybercrime.

The Parties call for support for the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and note the importance of strengthening cooperation in combating climate change, adapting to its consequences, and promoting low-emission development. They reaffirm their commitment to the goals and principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. They commend each other’s ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2035, as set out in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

The parties welcome the dialogue between experts from the two countries within the Russian-Chinese Contact Group on Climate Change. They are prepared to continue to strengthen cooperation in combating climate change and low-carbon development, including in areas such as low-emission technologies, monitoring, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas emissions, cross-border transfer of carbon units, and assessment and verification of the carbon footprint of products.

The Parties note with concern that the imposition of unilateral protectionist measures hinders climate action and a just energy transition worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The Parties resolutely oppose discriminatory unilateral measures imposed under the pretext of combating climate change and emphasize that measures to combat climate change should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unfair discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade.

The parties will continue to develop cooperation in the area of ​​transportation and strengthening continental connectivity, and coordinate approaches to building stable and efficient international transport and logistics corridors.

The parties note with concern that unilateral actions by individual states, interstate associations, and their allies that impede international shipping threaten the integrity of global supply chains and maritime trade in general. The parties believe that cooperation in maritime infrastructure, such as ports, should be based on market principles and commercial principles to avoid politicization and excessive emphasis on security issues. It is essential to jointly protect an atmosphere of openness and mutual trust.

The parties express serious concern over the confrontational policies and rhetoric of individual countries and their associations, calling for an end to interference in the internal affairs of other states, the undermining of established security architecture in various regions of the world, the creation of artificial dividing lines between countries, and the fostering of bloc confrontation. The Chinese side notes the Russian side’s concern regarding the European Union’s militarization policy.

The parties note that actions aimed at expanding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s presence in the Asia-Pacific region and creating an Asian equivalent, including through mechanisms such as AUCUS, are incompatible with the goals of strengthening regional peace and security. Russia and China oppose attempts to undermine the architecture of regional cooperation, with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) playing a central role, through the active development of bloc coalitions in the Asia-Pacific region.

The parties emphasize that Japan’s current course of accelerated rearmament poses a serious threat to peace and stability in the region, and the international community and countries in the region remain deeply concerned. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The Tribunal’s investigations revealed the vast scale of Japanese war crimes, accompanied by unimaginable cruelty and terror against the civilian population. The parties call on the Japanese government to learn from the inhumane history of its own aggression, fully recognize the results of World War II, and renounce new militarism and rearmament, which have already brought grief and suffering to the peoples of the world and to Japan itself.

The parties highly value bilateral contacts and interaction on the Korean Peninsula, based on the understanding that ensuring peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and advancing the process of political resolution of the subregion’s problems are in the common interests of all Northeast Asian states and the international community. The parties oppose foreign policy isolation, economic sanctions, coercive pressure, and other means of creating threats to the security of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. They call on the parties involved to cease actions that provoke an escalation of tensions in the region, an arms race, and the abuse of politicized approaches, and to take practical measures to eliminate the risk of war on the Korean Peninsula. Russia and China, based on geopolitical realities, support balanced solutions that take into account each other’s concerns, using exclusively political and diplomatic methods and based on mutual respect for sovereignty. Russia and China will continue to work closely to advance the process of political resolution of the problems on the Korean Peninsula and will play a constructive role in the creation of appropriate peace mechanisms designed to ensure sustainable and long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia.

The parties will continue to expand cooperation within the framework of the Enhanced Tumangan Initiative and deepen interaction between the participating states in the areas of trade and investment, transport, energy, the digital economy, agriculture, tourism, and environmental protection in order to promote regional cooperation in Northeast Asia.

The two sides will strengthen cooperation with ASEAN, support ASEAN’s central role in the regional architecture, closely cooperate through mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Security Forum, and the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting with Dialogue Partners, jointly safeguard regional peace and stability, and promote cooperation and prosperity.

The Russian side supports the joint efforts of China and ASEAN member states to maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea. Both sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations between the states directly involved and resolutely oppose interference by extra-regional forces in the South China Sea. The Russian side supports the comprehensive and effective implementation by China and ASEAN countries of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the early conclusion of a Code of Conduct for Parties in the South China Sea.

The parties recognize the important role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in ensuring regional security, as well as in the fight against international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, organized crime, illegal migration, and other cross-border challenges and threats, and note the potential for developing cooperation between the CSTO and China in the interests of maintaining peace and security in Eurasia and jointly countering attempts to destabilize the region from outside.

The Parties are convinced of the need to fully address the root causes of the Ukrainian crisis by adhering to the principles of the UN Charter in their entirety, comprehensiveness, and interrelationship, in order to ensure mutual security and lay the foundations for sustainable peace. Guided by this, the Parties support all efforts to establish long-term and sustainable peace and advocate for the continued search for a solution through dialogue and negotiations. The Russian Side commends the objective and impartial position of the Chinese Side on the situation in Ukraine and welcomes China’s desire to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic means.

The parties will continue their efforts to ensure stability and progressive socio-economic development in the Central Asian region.

The parties note that terrorism continues to pose a significant threat to the security of Afghanistan, the region, and the entire world, and call on countries in the region and the international community to strengthen bilateral and multilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with Afghanistan, as well as to support Afghanistan’s course toward the rapid eradication of terrorism and the prevention of the use of its territory to harm the security of neighboring countries and the region.

The parties are prepared to strengthen cooperation on Afghanistan, both bilaterally and in multilateral formats, and support Afghanistan in rapidly establishing long-term order and security. They highly value and support the active and constructive role of regional platforms such as the Moscow Format of Consultations on Afghanistan, meetings of foreign ministers of Afghanistan’s neighboring countries, the regional “Quartet” (Russia-China-Iran-Pakistan), and the SCO in the political resolution of the Afghan problem.

The parties agree that US and Israeli military strikes against Iran violate international law and fundamental norms of international relations, seriously undermining stability in the Middle East. Russia and China emphasize the need for the parties involved in the conflict to return to dialogue and negotiations as soon as possible to prevent the expansion of the conflict zone. They call on the international community to maintain an objective and impartial position, promote de-escalation, and jointly uphold fundamental norms of international relations.

The parties support achieving a sustainable ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, which will ensure long-term stabilization of the situation and ensure unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need. Russia and China reaffirm their commitment to a comprehensive, just, and sustainable settlement of the Palestinian issue based on a universally recognized international legal framework, with a central two-state solution envisioning the establishment of an independent, prosperous, and territorially contiguous Palestinian state coexisting with Israel in peace and security.

The parties support Syria in defending its national sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity, and believe that the Syrian transitional government must resolutely combat all forms of terrorism and extremism.

The Parties agree that the African region has significant development potential in the 21st century and believe that the establishment of peace and stability, and the achievement of genuine independence and self-sufficiency by African countries, are fundamental to their development and modernization on the continent, which can provide a powerful impetus to similar processes worldwide. The Parties call on the international community to support African countries’ efforts to achieve the goals of the African Union’s Agenda 2063, “The Africa We Want,” through concrete actions, guided by the principle of “African solutions to African problems.” The Parties oppose the policies of certain states that abuse coercive and pressuring measures in international trade and economic relations to undermine normal trade and economic interactions between African states and third countries. The Parties intend to continue strengthening interaction and practical cooperation with African states and leading integration associations, primarily the African Union, and jointly maintain a constructive atmosphere for international cooperation with Africa.

The Parties reaffirm their support for the status of Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone of peace, support the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in independently choosing development paths and partners, oppose any actions that violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter or infringe on the sovereignty and security of other countries, and oppose interference by external forces in the internal affairs of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean under any pretext.

The parties express concern over the militarization of high-latitude areas by the United States and its allies, reaffirm their commitment to international law in the Arctic, respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Arctic states, and express interest in preserving the Arctic as a territory of peace, stability, and low military-political tension, as well as in developing constructive dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation in the region, including through specialized multilateral formats, including the Arctic Council.

I. Documents signed and adopted at the highest level :

1. Joint statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on further strengthening the comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction and on deepening relations of good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation.

2. Joint Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the establishment of a multipolar world and a new type of international relations.

II . Intergovernmental and interdepartmental documents

3. Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the joint construction of a second main track of 1435 mm gauge on the cross-border section of the Zabaikalsk – Manchuria railway.

4. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China in the field of urban development.

5. Protocol between the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Russian Federation) and the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China regarding veterinary and sanitary requirements for compound feed to be exported from the Russian Federation to the People’s Republic of China.

6. Joint statement of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China on support for open trade and multilateralism.

7. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China on the development of sustainable trade in priority industrial products.

8. Memorandum of Understanding between the Federal Customs Service (Russian Federation) and the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China on cooperation in the field of education and training of personnel in the field of customs affairs.

9. Memorandum of Understanding between the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation and the General Administration of Market Regulation of the People’s Republic of China for 2026–2027.

10. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the State Film Administration of the People’s Republic of China on joint film production projects.

11. Memorandum of Understanding between the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russian Federation) and the State Intellectual Property Administration of the People’s Republic of China.

12. Memorandum of Understanding between the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

13. Memorandum of Understanding between the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom and the Atomic Energy Agency of the People’s Republic of China on cooperation in the field of developing human resources in the peaceful use of atomic energy.

14. Memorandum of Understanding between the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China on scientific and technical cooperation in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion.

15. Program of joint events of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration and the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (National Academy of Governance) for 2026–2027.

16. Memorandum on the implementation of the joint project “Russian-Chinese Institute of Innovation Research” between St. Petersburg State University and Tsinghua University.

17. Agreement on strategic partnership in the field of joint programs for talent training and advanced scientific research between the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Peking University.

18. Agreement on the implementation of the joint project “Russian-Chinese Institute of Higher Qualification Engineers” between St. Petersburg State University and Harbin Institute of Technology.

19. Agreement on cooperation and news exchange between National Media Group Joint Stock Company and China Daily Group (People’s Republic of China).

20. Memorandum between the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS)” (Russian Federation) and the Xinhua News Agency (People’s Republic of China) on holding events dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the establishment of partnership relations.

21. Cooperation Agreement between the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS)” (Russian Federation) and “Renmin Ribao” (People’s Republic of China).

22. Agreement on deepening cooperation in the filming of documentaries and special reports between the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company” (VGTRK) and the China Media Group (CMG).

III . Documents signed “on the sidelines” of the negotiations

1. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China on cooperation in the field of innovation

2. Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and the State Energy Administration of the People’s Republic of China on cooperation in the field of “green” certificates

3. Memorandum of Cooperation between the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation and the China Media Group (CMG)

4. Memorandum of Understanding between the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs and Beijing Foreign Studies University on cooperation in the field of education and youth policy

5. Cooperation Agreement between the Roscongress Foundation and the China Media Group (CMG)

6. Memorandum of Cooperation between the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and the China Media Corporation (CMG)

7. Agreement on Dual Degree Master’s Programs between the Higher School of Economics and Fudan University

8. Joint roadmap for strategic development of the Russian-Chinese Institute for Fundamental Research between Lomonosov Moscow State University and Peking University for 2026–2030.

9. Cooperation Agreement between Lomonosov Moscow State University and Nankai University

10. Cooperation Agreement between Lomonosov Moscow State University and Sichuan University

11. Agreement on strategic cooperation in the field of business education between St. Petersburg State University and Harbin Institute of Technology

12. Agreement on cooperation in science and education between the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia and Sichuan University

13. Agreement on cooperation in the field of the Russian language between the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia and the Beijing Institute of Foreign Studies

14. Memorandum between the Rossiya Segodnya International News Agency and the Xinhua News Agency on holding the 2026 SCO Expert Forum

15. Memorandum of Understanding between the ANO “Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects” and East China Normal University

16. Memorandum of Cooperation in the Field of Personnel Training in the Field of Specialized and Vocational Education between Gazprom-Media Holding JSC and Xinhua News Agency

17. Agreement on joint production of educational information programs within the framework of the Cross Years of Russian-Chinese Cooperation in the Field of Education between MTS Media LLC and the China Media Corporation (CMG)

18. Agreement on cooperation and news exchange between the Russian National Media Group and the Xinhua News Agency

19. Agreement on expanding cooperation between the Russian National Media Group and the China Media Corporation (CMG)

20. Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan Federal University and the Government of Shandong Province, Shandong University on the establishment of the Russian-Chinese University of Advanced Technologies.